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till(until)从句中的谓语动词用什么时态?

2018-01-26 07:30 来源:易信使 收藏 举报

从属连词till和until的意义相同,后者比前者的语气强些,但它们都表示“直到某时”。在till(until)引出的时间状语从句中,谓语动词的时态问题较为复杂;这给英语学习者尤其是初学者带来了麻烦和困惑。本文就这种从句中的时态问题作一简述。

till(until)-从句通常表示时间的一点,而不表示时间的一段。同时,till(until)的用法具有正反两个方面的涵义:一是当从句的动作(状态)一开始,主句的动作(状态)就立即结束(消失);二是主句的动作(状态)一直继续到从句的动作(状态)开始。因此,till(until)-从句的谓语动词往往用一般时态来表示。例如:

He does not go to school till(until) the cock crows at nine in the morning.

They will live in Chicago till(until) William finishes his thesis.

She waited till(until) I returned.

上面从句的一般时态用法是常见现象,是需要英语学习者掌握的。不过,在英语的实际运用中,till(until)-从句的谓语动词还可以用其他时态。

1.由于till(until)-从句往往具有开始或结束的体貌涵义,其谓语动词可以用完成时态来强调这种体貌。

例如:

Don't get off the bus till(until) it has stopped.

He spoke no word and made no sight till(until) I had finished the tale.

2.till(until)-从句的谓语动词可以用进行时态。

一方面表示动作的持续性,形象生动;另一方面表示情况的演变和新的发展,把从句所表示的事情与主句所表示的动作(状态)联系在一起。

例如:

He can't tell which way she is swinging till(until) she is coming around.

I never saw this drop till(until) I was flying headlong through the air.

3.英国语言学家伦道夫•夸克教授等人在1972年出版的专著《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary English)中认为:till(until)-从句的谓语动词不能与助动词shall或will连用。而中国语言学家周海中教授在1987年发表的论文《关于英语中till及until的用法问题》中却指出:当助动词shall和will用于till(until)-从句时,它们不是表示将来时间,而是表示情态意义。他用实例说明这种用法:

I won't leave you till you shall be well taken care of. (C. Dickens: Little Dorrit)

Those are as fixed as fate; and my voyage is only now delayed until the weather shall permit my embarkation. (M. Shelley: Frankenstein)

Then the lovely pale-lilac irises will come out in all their showering abundance of tender, proud, spiky bloom, till the air wi11 gleam with mauve, and a new crystalline lightness will be everywhere. (D. Lawrence: Phoenix)

They're commandeering power, water, land, and strategic materials till hell won't have it. (H. Wouk: War and Remembrance)

周海中教授在论文中还指出:should和would也可以用于till(until)-从句,同样表示情态意义。例如:

Carol waited till Kennicott should rescue her. (S. Lewis: Main Street)

Therefore she moved along the bank till he would look up. (D. Lawrence: Women in Love)

由上可见,till(until)-从句的谓语动词用何种时态,应视内容和语气而定。

(作者:加拿大麦克马斯特大学人文学院博士后 黄红霞)