主谓一致

一.定义：主谓一致(在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配)其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。二.三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
 1.  语法一致原则（谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致）
  ①.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。eg: His father is working on the farm.    To study English well is not easy.What he said is very important for us all.The children were in the classroom two hours ago.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
   注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式.但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。eg：What I bought were three English books. ②.由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。eg：The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
 注意1）若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式. eg：The writer and artist has come.2）由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every, more than a/an ,many a/an修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。eg: Every student and every teacher was in the room.No boy and no girl likes it.
③.主语为单数名词或代词，虽后跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。eg: Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 
 ④. either，neither，each，every或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。eg: Each of us has a new book.
   注意:若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。eg：None of us has/have been to America.
⑤.在定语从句时，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。eg: He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
⑥.如果集体名词（family, class, crowd）指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。eg：Class Four is on the third floor.
   注意：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。eg：The police are looking for the lost child.
⑦.由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。eg：There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful.  注意：a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“……的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
⑧.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。eg：There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. 二、逻辑意义一致原则(谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致:因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
 ①. What, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。eg：Which is your bag? Which are your bags?   ②.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体.eg：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
③.表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。eg：One and a half apples is（are）left on the table.
④. Trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a/the pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。eg：My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
⑤.算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。   eg：Twelve plus eight is twenty.    Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.⑥.一些学科名词是以–ics结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics以及news，works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
三、就近一致原则(谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致)
①.当两个主语由either… or, neither… nor, whether… or …, not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。eg：Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is right.
②. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致(注意：Here引导的句子用法同上)eg：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.主谓一致的练习1. The secretary and manager ____very busy now.
   A. is        B. are       C. was           D. were
2. Both the secretary and the manager _____agreed to attend the meeting.
   A. has    B. have     C. are            D. was
3. Tom as well as two of his classmates _____invited to the party.
   A. was      B. were     C. have been   D. had been
4. Either you or I _____going to the teachers’ office after class.
   A. am     B. is              C. are             D. will
5. Most of his spare time ____spent in reading.
   A. are   B. were   C. was   D. have been
6. This is one of the best novels that ____appeared this year.
   A.have been  B. has   C. had been   D. have
7. Ten thousand dollars _____quite a large sum.
   A.are     B. is    C. were   D. have 
8. About 20 percent of the work ____done yesterday.
   A. are     B. is   C. were   D. was9. It ____I who _____leaving for London.
   A.is…is  B. am…is   C. is…am   D. am…am
10. Not only Tom but also his wife ____fond of watching television.
   A. are    B. were   C. be   D. is
11. When and where to build the new factory ____yet.
   A. is not decided               B. are not decided
   C. has not decided             D. have not decided12. That they were wrong in these matters _____ now clear to us all.
   A. is   B. was   C. are   D. were
13. Each of the students _____ a Chinese-English dictionary.
   A. have     B. has   C. there is   D. there are
14. They each ____ a beautiful handkerchief.
   A. have      B. has          C. there is    D. there are 
15. Between the two rows of trees _____the teaching building.
   A. stand  B. stands        C. standing  D. are
16. This pair of shoes ____made in Nanjing. A.is B. are  C. have been D. had been
17. No one except my parents _____anything about it.
   A.  know      B. knows            C. is knowing  D. have known
18. Writing stories and articles _____what I enjoy most，
   A.is   B. are   C. was   D. were19. A good deal of money ____spent on books.
   A. have      B. has          C. have been       D. has been
20. The number of people invited _____fifty, but a number of them _____absent for different reasons.
   A. were; was     B. was; was    C. was; were  D. were; were